Transformation of Sentence
Transformation শব্দটির অর্থ হলো রুপান্তর। সুতরাং, যেকোন এক ধরণের Sentence কে অন্য ধরণের Sentence এ রুপান্তর করাই হলো Transformation of Sentences। তবে রুপান্তরের সময় আমাদের খেয়াল রাখতে হবে যেন Sentence এর মূল ভাব পরিবর্তন না হয়।
অর্থ, গঠন, Degree, হ্যা / না প্রকাশ ইত্যাদির উপর ভিত্তি করে Sentence কে বিভিন্ন ভাবে সাজানো যায়, তাই Transformation of Sentences ও বিভিন্ন ধরণের হয়ে থাকে।
1. Sentence অর্থ অনুসারে ৫ প্রকার ।
2. Sentence গঠন অনুসারে ৩ প্রকার ।
3. Voice Change ২ প্রকার ।
4. Degree ৩ প্রকার ।
1. Sentence অর্থ অনুসারে ৫ প্রকার ।
AFFIRMATIVE TO NEGATIVE
Rule 1: Only/ alone/ merely → স্থানে→ None but(ব্যক্তি)/ nothing but(বস্তু)/ not more than or not less than(সংখা)
Example:
Aff: Only Allah can help us.
Neg: None but Allah can help us.
Aff: He has only a ball.
Neg: He has nothing but a ball.
Aff: He has only ten taka.
Neg: He has not more than ten taka.
Rule 2: Must/Have to /Has to → স্থানে → Cannot but+মূল verb/ Cannot help+ (v+ing).
Example:
Aff: We must obey our parents.
Neg: We cannot but obey our parents/ We cannot help obeying our parents.
Rule 3: Both----and → স্থানে → not only ---- but also.
Example:
Aff: Both Dolon and Dola were excited.
Neg: Not only dolon but also Dola were present.
Rule 4: and (যদি দুটি শব্দ যোগ করে) →স্থানে → Not only ----- but also.
Example:
aff: He was obedient and gentle.
Neg: He was not only obedient but also gentle.
Rule 5: Everyone/ everybody/every person/ (every + common noun)/all → স্থানে → There is no + attached word + but.
Example:
Aff: Every mother loves her child.
Neg: There is no mother but loves her child.
Rule 6: As soon as → স্থানে → No sooner had ----- Than.
Example:
Aff: As soon as the thief saw the police, he ran away.
Neg: No sooner had the thief saw the police he ran away.
Rule 7: The Superlative degree → স্থানে → No other+ attached word+verb+so/as+ positive form+ as+subject.
Example:
aff: Dhaka is the biggest city in Bangladesh.
Neg: No other city is as big as Dhaka in Bangladesh.
Rule 8: প্রতিশব্দ বিপরীত শব্দ হবে। By Not.
Example:
Aff: I shall remember you.
Neg: I shall not forget you.
Rule 9: Always → স্থানে → Never প্রতিশব্দ বিপরীত শব্দ হবে।
Example:
Ex: aff: Raven always attends the class.
Neg: Raven never misses the class.
Rule 10: Too ---- to → স্থানে → so ---that+Present হলে can not/ Past হলে could not.
Example:
Aff: He is too weak to walk.
Neg: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
Rule 11: As – as → স্থানে → Not less – than.
Example:
Aff: Simi was as wise as Rimi.
Neg: Simi was not less wise than Rimi.
Rule 12: Universal truth are change by making them negative interrogative.
Example:
Aff: The Sun sets in the west.
Neg: Doesn’t the Sun set in the west.
Rule 13: Sometimes স্থানে → Not + always.
Example:
Aff: Raven sometimes visits me.
Neg: Raven doesn’t always visit me.
Rule 14: Many → স্থানে → Not a few.
Example:
Aff: I have many friends.
Neg: I donot have few friends.
Rule 15: A few → স্থানে → not many.
Example:
Aff: Bangladesh has a few scholars.
Neg: Bangladesh doesn’t have many scholars.
Rule 16: Much → স্থানে → A little.
Example:
Aff: He belongs much money.
Neg: He doesn’t belong a little money.
Rule 17: A little → স্থানে → not much.
Example: Aff: Dolon has a little riches.
Neg: Dolon doesn’t have much riches.
ASSERTIVE TO INTERROGATIVE
** Present Form=Don't ?
** Past Form=Didn't ?
** Verb+s/es=Doesn't ?
** Auxiluary Verb= Auxiluary Verb+n't ?
** Every/Some/All/Body=Who ?
Rule 1: যদি sentence টি affirmative হয় তাহলে negative interrogative করতে হবে.আর যদি negative হয় affirmative interrogative করতে হবে।
Example:
Ass: He was very gentle.
Int: was n’t he very gentle?
Aff: He is not a good person.
Int: Is he a good person?
Rule 2: যদি auxiliary verb না থাকে →
Present form হলে Do/ Don’t
Past form হলে Did/Didn’t.
Verb+s,es হলে Does/Doesn’t
Example:
Ass:He plays Football.
Int: Does he play football?
Ass: They did not play football yesterday.
Int: Did they play football yesterday?
Rule 3: Never → স্থানে → Ever.
Example:
Ass: I never drink tea.
Int: Do I ever drink tea?
Rule 4: Every body/everyone/ All → স্থানে → Who + Don’t/ Doesn’t/ Didn’t
Example:
Ass: Everybody wishes to be happy.
Int : Who doesn’t wish to be happy?
Rule 5: Every + noun → স্থানে → Is there any + noun+ Who don’t/doesn’t/didn’t.
Example:
Ass: Every man wishes to be happy.
Int: Is there any man who doesn’t wish to be happy?
Rule 6: No body/ no one / None → স্থানে → Who.
Example:
Ass: Nobody could count my love for you.
Int: Who could ever count my love for you?
Rule 7: There is no → স্থানে → Is there any/ Who(person)/ What( thing).
Example:
Ass: There is no use of this law.
Int: What is the use of this law.
Ass: There is no man happier than Jamil.
Int: Who is Happier than jamil.
Rule 8: It Is no → স্থানে → Is there any/Why.
Example:
Ass: It is no use of taking unfair means in the exam.
Int: Why take unfair means in the exam? Or,
Is there any use of this law?
Rule 9: It Doesn’t matter → স্থানে → what though/ Does it matter.
Example:
Ass: It does not matter if you fail in te exam.
Int: What though if you fail in the exam?
EXCLAMATORY TO ASSERTIVE
Rule 1: what a/an → স্থানে → a very(before adjective)/ a great(before noun)
Example:
Ex: What a beautiful scenery!
Ass: It is a very beautiful scenery.
Ex: What a pity!
Ass: It is a great pity.
Rule 2: How → স্থানে → Very(before adjective)/ Great(before noun)
Example:
Ex: How fortunate you are!
Ass: You are very fortunate.
Exc: What a fool you are!
Ass: You are a great fool.
Rule 3: Hurrah/ Bravo → স্থানে → I/we rejoice that/ It is a matter of joy that.
Example:
Ex: Hurrah! We have own the game.
Ass: It is a matter of joy that we have won the game.
Rule 4: Alas → স্থানে → I/we Mourn that/ It is a matter of sorrow or grief that.
Example:
Ex: Alas! He has failed.
Ass: We mourn that he has failed.
Rule 5: Had/were/If /Would that(at the out set) → স্থানে → I wish + subject again + were/ had+ rest part.
Example:
Ex: Had I the wings of a bird!
Ass: I wish I had the wings of a bird.
Ex: Were I a bird!
Ass: I wish I were a bird.
Ex: If I were young again!
Ass: I wish I were young again.
Ex: would that I could be a child!
Ass: I wish I could be a child.
IMPERATIVE TO ASSERTIVE
Rule 1: subject + should+verb.
Example:
Ex: Do the work.
Ass: you should do the work.
Rule 2: Please/kindly → স্থানে→ you are requested to+verb.
Example:
Ex: Please, help me.
Ass: You are requested to help me.
Rule 3: Do not → স্থানে → You should not.
Example:
Ex: Do not run in the sun.
Ass: you should not run in the sun.
Rule 4: Never → স্থানে → you should never.
Example:
Ex: Never tell a lie.
Ass: You should never tell a lie.
Rule 5: Let us → স্থানে → We should.
Example:
Ex: Never tell a lie.
Ass: You should never tell a lie.
Rule 5: Let us → স্থানে → We should.
Example:
Ex: Let us go out for a walk.
Ass: We should go out for a walk.
Rule 6: Let + noun/pronoun → স্থানে → Subject + might.
Example:
Ex: Let him play football.
Ass: He might play football.
2. Sentence গঠন অনুসারে ৩ প্রকার ।
Rule 1:
Simple=Verb+ing
Compund=and
Complex=when/as/since
Example:
Simple: Working hard, the boy made a good result.
Compund: The boy worked hard and he made a good result.
Complex: Since the boy worked hard, he made a good result.
Rule 2:
Simple=In spite of possessive+v+ing
Compund=But
Complex=Though/Although
Example:
Simple: In spite of his trying heart and soul he could not succeed in life.
Compund: He tried heart and soul but he could not succeed in life.
Complex: Though he tried heart and soul, he could not succeed in life.
Rule 3:
Simple=By+ing
Compund=Imperative sentence+and
Complex=If Clause positive
Example:
Simple: By working hard, you will succeed in life.
Compund: Work hard and you will succeed in life.
Complex: If you work hard, you will succeed in life.
Rule 4:
Simple=Without+ing
Compund= Imperative sentence+or
Complex=If Clause negative
Example:
Simple: Without working hard, you will not succeed in life.
Compund: Work hard or you will not succeed in life.
Complex: Unless you work hard, you will not succeed in life.
Rule 5:
Simple=Principal clause +Too-to+verb
Compund=very/much...and
Complex=So...That
Example:
Simple: The boy is too foolish to understand it.
Compund: The boy is very foolish that he cannot understand it.
Complex: The boy is so foolish that he cannot understand it.
Rule 6:
Simple=Principal clause +to+verb
Compund=and
Complex=Sothat/In order that
Example:
Simple: He works hard to prosper in life.
Compund: He works hard and he may prosper in life.
Complex: He works hard so that he may prosper in life.
Rule 7:
Simple=Principal clause +adjective+Noun
Compund=and
Complex=Relative Pronoun (Who,Which,That)
Example:
Simple: I know the poor man
Compund: I know the man and he is poor
Complex: I know the man who is poor.
COMPOUND TO COMPLEX
Rule-1: And যুক্ত Compound Sentence-এর একটি Clause যদি অপরটির কারন বা সময় নির্দেশ করে, তবে উক্ত Compound Sentence টিকে Complex করার নিয়মঃ
Structure: Since/as/when + 1st sentence + and পরিবর্তে (,) + 2nd sentence.
Example:
Compound: He came to me and I felt tired.
Complex: When he came to me, I felt tired.
Rule-2: But যুক্ত Compound Sentence কে Complex করার নিয়মঃ
Structure: Although/though + 1st sentence + but এর পরিবর্তে (,) + বাকি sentence.
Example:
Compound: The boy tried hard but could not win the match.
Complex: Though the boy tried hard hard, he could not win the match.
Rule-3: Or যুক্ত Compound Sentence কে Complex করার নিয়মঃ
Structure: If + Sub + do not + 1st Clause + or এর পরিবর্তে (,) + sub + will + or এর পরবর্তী অংশ।
Example:
Compound: Do or die.
Complex: If you do not do, you will die.
Rule-4: And দ্বারা যুক্ত cause and effect নির্দেশক compound sentence কে so…. that দ্বারা complex sentence করা হয়।
Example:
Compound: Farhan works very hard and he can shine in life.
Complex: Farhan works so hard that he can shine in life.
Rule-5: And দ্বারা যুক্ত উদ্দেশমুলক compound sentence কে so that দ্বারা complex sentence করা হয় ।
Example:
Compound: We take balance diet and we can keep good health.
Complex: We take balance diet so that we can keep good health.
SIMPLE TO COMPOUND
Rule-1: Present Participle যুক্ত Simple sentence কে compound করার ক্ষেএে -
Structure: 1st sub + main verb + কমার পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + (,) এর স্থলে and + sub এর পরের অংশ।
Example:
Simple: Fishing the work, we went to the playground.
Compound: We finished the work and went to the playground.
Rule-2: Being যুক্ত simple sentence কে compound করার ক্ষেএে
Structure: Sub + Beingএর বাকি অংশ যে tense এর থাকে সেই tense ও person অনুযায়ী to be verb বসে + being এর পরের অংশ + কমা উঠে and + sub বাদে এর পরের অংশ।
Example:
Simple: Being father, he can not neglect his son.
Compound: He is father and can not neglect his son.
Rule-3: Having যুক্ত বা perfect participle যুক্ত simple sentence কে compound sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়মঃ
Structure: Sub + Tense অনুযায়ী verb ‘to have’ + কমার পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + and + sub এর পরের অংশ ।
Example:
Simple: Having written the letter, I posted it.
Compound: I had written the letter and it.
Rule-4: In spite of/Despite যুক্ত simple sentence কে but দ্বারা compound করতে হয়।
Example:
Simple: In spite of his dishonesty, he was reworded.
Compound: He was dishonest but reworded.
Rule-5: Without + Gerund যুক্ত Simple Sentence যদি শর্ত বুঝাই, তবে ‘or’ যুক্ত করে compound করতে হয়।
Structure: Without উঠে গিয়ে ing যুক্ত verb এর present form বসবে + কমা এর স্থলে or + কমা এর পরের অংশ।
Example:
Simple: Without going, you will die.
Compound: Go or you will die.
Rule-6: By Gerund যুক্ত simple sentence কে and যোগ করে compound করতে হয়।
Structure: By উঠে গিয়ে ing যুক্ত verb এর present form বসবে + কমার পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + কমা স্থলে and + কমার পরের অংশ।
Example:
Simple: By wasting your time, you can spoil your life.
Compound: Waste your time and you can spoil your life.
Rule-7: Too….to যুক্ত Simple Sentence Compound করার নিয়মঃ
Structure: Sub + ‘to be’ verb + too এর পরিবর্তে very + Adjective + and + can not/could not + to বাদে পরের অংশ।
Example:
Simple: He is too dull to understand it.
Compound: He is very dull and can not understand it.
COMPLEX TO COMPOUND
Rule-1: Since, as, when ইত্যাদি conjunction যুক্ত Complex sentence কে Compound sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার সময় since/as/when তুলে দিতে হয় এবং এর পর complex sentence কমা তুলে দিয়া সেখানে and বসালেই compound sentence হয়ে যায়।
Example:
Complex: When i went there, I found him.
Compound: I went there and found him.
Rule-2: Though/although যুক্ত Complex sentence কে Compound sentence পরিবর্তন করতে হলে though/ although তুলে দিতে হয় এবং এর পরে কমা তুলে দিয়ে সেখানে but বসাতে হয়।
Example:
Complex: Although it rained heavily, he went out without an umbrella.
Compound: It rained heavily but he went out without an umbrella.
Rule-3: Complex sentence যদি If দ্বারা শুরু হয় এবং if যুক্ত Clause এ যদি not থাকে, তবে compound sentence এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে if থেকে not পর্যন্ত অংশ তুলে দিতে হবে এবং এর পর কমা তুলে দিয়া সেই স্থানে ‘or’ বসালেই compound sentence হবে।
Example:
Complex: If you do not read, you will fail.
Compound: Read or you will fail.
COMPLEX TO SIMPLE
Rule-1: Since/when/as যুক্ত complex sentence এর দুটি Clause এর subject এর হলে এবং দুটি Clause এ principal verb থাকলে নিচের নিয়ম করতে হবে।
Structure: Since/when/as এর প্রথম subject তুলে দিয়ে main verb ing form করতে হবে + কমা সহ বাকি অংশ।
Example:
Complex: When i went there, I found him absent.
Simple: Going there, I found him absent.
Rule-2: Since/as যুক্ত complex sentence যদি কারন বুঝাই, তাহলে Because of, Due to, Owing to, On account of ইত্যাদি দিয়ে করতে হয়।
Structure: Because of/ Due to/ Owing to/ On account of + verb + ing অথবা fog/rough weather/cold + Extension.
Example:
Complex: Since there was fog, he could not go out.
Simple: Due to fog, he could not go out.
Rule-3: If যুক্ত শর্তমূলক Negative complex sentence কে simple sentence করার নিয়মঃ
Structure: If থেকে not পর্যন্ত তুলে দিয়ে without বসাতে হবে + verb + ing + কমা সহ বাকি অংশ ।
Example:
Complex: If you do not come, you will not get the pen.
Simple: Without coming, you will not get the pen.
Rule-4: If যুক্ত Negative Complex Sentence এর দুটি Clause এর subject ভিন্ন হলে নিম্নরুপ হবে।
Structure: If এর স্থলে without + subject এর possessive form বসে + Auxiliary verb ও not উঠে যায় + main verb + ing + Extension.
Example:
Complex: If he does not stay at office, I shall not meet him.
Simple: Without his staying at office, I shall not meet him.
Rule-5: ‘So that’ যুক্ত Complex sentence কে simple করার নিয়মঃ
Structure: So that থেকে principal verb এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত উঠে গিয়ে সে স্থলে to বসে + বাকি অংশ বসে।
Example:
Complex: People work hard so that they may shine in life.
Simple: People work hard to shine in life.
Rule-6: ‘So …. that’ যুক্ত complex sentence কে simple sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়মঃ
Structure: Sub + verb + so এর স্থলে too + adjective/adverb + that থেকে not পর্যন্ত উঠে যায় + to + Extension.
Example:
Complex: They are so nice that they can not be used just at present.
Simple: They are too nice to be used just at present.
Rule-7: Though/Although যুক্ত Complex sentence কে Simple sentence করার নিয়মঃ
Structure: Although/though-এর স্থলে In spite of/ Despite বসে + Subject এর possessive form + being/having + extension.
Example:
Complex: Though he was dishonest, he was set free.
Simple: In spite of his being dishonest, he was set free.
Rule-8: Complex Sentence এ Relative pronoun টি যদি subject কে নির্দেশ করে সেক্ষেত্রে simple sentence-এ পরিবর্তনের সময় উক্ত relative pronoun এবং তৎপরবর্তী verb উঠে যায়।এবং relative pronoun এর পরের adjective-টি subject এর পূর্বে বসে ।
Example:
Complex: The man who is drowning cateachs at a straw.
Simple: A drowning man catches at a straw.
COMPOUND TO SIMPLE
Rule-1: And দ্বারা যুক্ত compound sentence-এর and এর উভয় অংশের subject যদি এক হয়, তবে একে simple sentence এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়মঃ
Example:
Compound: He finished the work and return home.
Simple: Finishing the work, he returned home.
Rule-2: And যুক্ত compound sentence এর উভয় অংশের subject যদি একই হয় এবং প্রথম অংশের sentence টি যদি কারন নির্দেশ করে, সেক্ষেত্রে নিচের নিয়মে simple করতে হবে।
Structure: Because of/ Due to/ Owing to/ on account of + 1st sentence এর subject এর possessive form + main verb + ing/ being/having + but এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + কমা + sub + verb + extension.
Example:
Compound: I was ill and I could not attend the meeting.
Simple: Because of my being ill, I could not attend the meeting.
Rule-3: But যুক্ত compound sentence এ যদি but এর পরে subject ও verb না থাকে তবে, simple sentence পরিবর্তন করতে হলে নিচের নিয়মঃ
Structure: In spite of / Despite + Subject এর possessive form + main verb + ing + being/having + but এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + কমা + subject + verb + extension.
Example:
Compound: He is poor but honest.
Simple: In spite of his being, he is poor.
Rule-4: ‘Or’ যুক্ত compound sentence কে simple sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়মঃ
Structure: Without + 1st main verb + ing + verb এর পরের অংশ + কমা + বাকি অংশ।
Example:
Compound: Move or will die.
Simple: Without moving, you will die.
Rule-5: Not only …. but also যুক্ত compound sentence কে simple করার নিয়মঃ
Structure: Besides + not only যুক্ত ব্যকের মূল verb এর সাথে ing + not only উঠে যাবে + but also এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + (,) + মূল subject + but also অংশে verb না থাকলে প্রথম অংশের verb + but এর পরের অংশ।
Example:
Compound: Our teachers not only teach us but also guide us.
Simple: Besides teaching us, our teacher guide us.
Rule-6: And দ্বারা যুক্ত সময় নির্দেশক Compound sentence -কে In, On, At ইত্যাদি time word দ্বারা simple sentence করা হয়।
Example:
Compound: It was raining and Siam came to me.
Simple: At the time of raining Siam came to me.
Rule-7: And দ্বারা যুক্ত উদ্দেশ্যমুলক compound sentence কে Infinitive দ্বারা simple sentence করা হয়।
Example:
Compound: He reads attentively and she can do good result.
Simple: He reads attentively to do good result.
HR_JUWEL
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